Login

Welcome, Guest. Please login or register.

March 29, 2024, 05:35:12 am

Author Topic: VCE Biology Question Thread  (Read 3570834 times)  Share 

0 Members and 11 Guests are viewing this topic.

Hirul1280

  • Adventurer
  • *
  • Posts: 15
  • Respect: 0
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11310 on: November 01, 2018, 01:33:17 pm »
+1
What are the major uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Also do we need to learn the types and process of designing a monoclonal antibody?

Erutepa

  • VIC MVP - 2019
  • Forum Leader
  • ****
  • Posts: 721
  • evenin'
  • Respect: +775
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11311 on: November 01, 2018, 01:35:36 pm »
+2
1) How do cytotoxic T cells destroy cells? Can i say they release cytokines that bind to receptors on the infected cells which induces apoptosis in those cells?

2) Is the helper T cell that binds to the APC specific or not? As in is there only one helper T cell that can bind to the APC?

3) Is speciation a process/mechanism or result? Same for genetic drift. I'm guessing speciation is a result, and genetic drift is a mechanism. Not sure if this is relevant :P

4) If I were to write the products for anaerobic respiration (for animals), do i have to include NADH (and 2 ATP and lactic acid).

5) 2018 NHT quetion 10e. Why would herd immunity not be achieved at all if relenza is used?

Thanks in advance!
1. yes they produce a death ligand to trigger apoptosis extrinsicly. They can also produce digestive enzymes which enter the cell (granzymes through perforins) to induce the intrinsic pathways and do damage.
2. The helper T cell is specific to that antigen through its TCR just like b cells with their BCR.
3. speciation is a process by which species can arise. It is the result of divergent evolution which is the mechanism of speication.
4. Just 2 ATP and  lactic acid (for plants 2 ATP ethanol and 2CO2)
« Last Edit: November 01, 2018, 01:48:30 pm by Erutepa »
Qualifications
 > Have counted to 227
 > Can draw really good spiders
 > 2 Poet points
 > 6.5 insanipi points
 > 1 Bri MT point

darkz

  • Forum Obsessive
  • ***
  • Posts: 413
  • Respect: +154
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11312 on: November 01, 2018, 01:37:18 pm »
+1
Hi,

Could someone please explain the difference between gene flow and genetic drift? I get the gene flow is the flow of alleles between populations (migration) but what is genetic drift?

Thanks

Genetic drift includes the changes in allele frequencies due to chance/random/unpredictable events e.g. a natural disaster (bottleneck effect) or mutations

What are the major uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Also do we need to learn the types and process of designing a monoclonal antibody?

Well monoclonal antibodies are essentially designed to specificially target one antigen, which may be a specific antigen to a cancer or something relating to the viability of the cancer. Therefore, we can use these antibodies to promote phagocytosis, or maybe conjugate them with a cytotoxic drug to directly deliver it to the cancerous cells to induce apoptosis. There are lots more examples of this. I doubt you need to know how they are made though
2018: Biology [50 + Prems]
2019: English [46], Latin [45], Chemistry [41], Mathematical Methods [48], Specialist Mathematics [41]
ATAR: 99.95

2020: BMedSci, M.D. @ Monash Uni

VCE Biology Units 1&2 and 3&4 Tutoring for 2021

Hirul1280

  • Adventurer
  • *
  • Posts: 15
  • Respect: 0
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11313 on: November 01, 2018, 01:39:14 pm »
0
1) How do cytotoxic T cells destroy cells? Can i say they release cytokines that bind to receptors on the infected cells which induces apoptosis in those cells? Yes

2) Is the helper T cell that binds to the APC specific or not? As in is there only one helper T cell that can bind to the APC? Helper T cells are also specific to a particular epitope

3) Is speciation a process/mechanism or result? Same for genetic drift. I'm guessing speciation is a result, and genetic drift is a mechanism. Not sure if this is relevant :P

4) If I were to write the products for anaerobic respiration (for animals), do i have to include NADH (and 2 ATP and lactic acid). No (NAD+ is recycled during glycolysis)

5) 2018 NHT quetion 10e. Why would herd immunity not be achieved at all if relenza is used?

Thanks in advance!

Erutepa

  • VIC MVP - 2019
  • Forum Leader
  • ****
  • Posts: 721
  • evenin'
  • Respect: +775
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11314 on: November 01, 2018, 01:40:33 pm »
0
What are the major uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Also do we need to learn the types and process of designing a monoclonal antibody?

Monoclonal antibodies are mainly used for cancer treatment in the scope of our course (as darkdnz has mentioned)
They are produced by fusing a plasma B cell which produces the antibody of the desired specificity with a tumor cell such that the resultant cells will indefinitely produce extractable antibodies.
Hi,

Could someone please explain the difference between gene flow and genetic drift? I get the gene flow is the flow of alleles between populations (migration) but what is genetic drift?

Thanks
Genetic drift refers to changes in allele frequency due to random chance events.
you are probably aware of the founders effect the bottleneck effect. These are examples of genetic drift.
« Last Edit: November 01, 2018, 01:46:23 pm by Erutepa »
Qualifications
 > Have counted to 227
 > Can draw really good spiders
 > 2 Poet points
 > 6.5 insanipi points
 > 1 Bri MT point

Sine

  • Werewolf
  • National Moderator
  • Great Wonder of ATAR Notes
  • *****
  • Posts: 5135
  • Respect: +2103
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11315 on: November 01, 2018, 01:41:26 pm »
+2
Hi,

Could someone please explain the difference between gene flow and genetic drift? I get the gene flow is the flow of alleles between populations (migration) but what is genetic drift?

Thanks
gene flow is migration of individuals in or out of a population and thus can alter allele frequencies
genetic drift is the change of allele frequencies due to chance such as random sampling effects over a number of generations (this can be affected by having a small population size)


Re: cytotoxic T cells
Perforim forms a complex on the membrane of a cell and the T cell puts granzymes through this channel which induces the cell to undergo apoptosis.
The Tc cell can then leave this cell and go to destroy other cells that have been affected.

Hirul1280

  • Adventurer
  • *
  • Posts: 15
  • Respect: 0
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11316 on: November 01, 2018, 01:41:30 pm »
0
Genetic drift includes the changes in allele frequencies due to chance/random/unpredictable events e.g. a natural disaster (bottleneck effect) or mutations

Well monoclonal antibodies are essentially designed to specificially target one antigen, which may be a specific antigen to a cancer or something relating to the viability of the cancer. Therefore, we can use these antibodies to promote phagocytosis, or maybe conjugate them with a cytotoxic drug to directly deliver it to the cancerous cells to induce apoptosis. There are lots more examples of this. I doubt you need to know how they are made though

Thanks  :)

darkz

  • Forum Obsessive
  • ***
  • Posts: 413
  • Respect: +154
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11317 on: November 01, 2018, 01:53:29 pm »
+1
I am fairly sure perforin does not 'lyse the cell'.
Perforin assembles in the membrane as a protein channel allowing the movement of pro-apoptotic enzymes like granzymes to enter the cell.
Hmm, well there are quite a few sources e.g. https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physiologyonline.1998.13.1.17 which do suggest that depending on the mechanism lysis => necrosis can be induced (The pores created disrupt the osmotic gradients, hence causes the cell to lyse). But then I suppose for the VCE course, you can assume that they only undergo apoptosis
2018: Biology [50 + Prems]
2019: English [46], Latin [45], Chemistry [41], Mathematical Methods [48], Specialist Mathematics [41]
ATAR: 99.95

2020: BMedSci, M.D. @ Monash Uni

VCE Biology Units 1&2 and 3&4 Tutoring for 2021

galaxy21

  • Trendsetter
  • **
  • Posts: 150
  • Respect: +23
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11318 on: November 01, 2018, 01:55:05 pm »
+2
What are the major uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Also do we need to learn the types and process of designing a monoclonal antibody?

The major uses of monoclonal antibodies include their extracted and used for theraputic purposes, such as diagnostic tests such as pregnancy tests, neutralising toxins in poisons that are produced by endotoxins in the blood, or to target cancer cells if the body does not do this itself. All we need to know about, according to the study design, however, is their use for treating cancer cells

Quote
the use of monoclonal antibodies in treating cancer

It is probably a good idea to have a basic understanding of the process - it is pretty simple to understand.
As you are probably aware, monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are produced from a single plasma B cell. Basically, the process is:
1. An antigen (for which antibodies are required) is injected into the cell of an animal (e.g. a mouse). The animal produces plasma B cells that are specific to the antigen.
 2. The plasma B cells are removed and fused with a tumor cell (called hybridisation) because tumor cells replicate rapidly and uncontrollably, and therefore are very effective to produce high numbers of the plasma cell.
3. The result is called a hybridoma cell, and it is capable of synthesising large amounds of the monoclonal antibody.

Not sure about the different types, however.
2018 - Biology, Further
2019 - English, Chemistry, Methods, Health and Human Development
2020 - Bachelor of Science (Melbourne Uni)

randy123

  • Adventurer
  • *
  • Posts: 10
  • Respect: +1
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11319 on: November 01, 2018, 01:55:34 pm »
0
does fermentation in anaerobic resp occur in mitochondria

Sine

  • Werewolf
  • National Moderator
  • Great Wonder of ATAR Notes
  • *****
  • Posts: 5135
  • Respect: +2103
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11320 on: November 01, 2018, 01:58:00 pm »
+1
does fermentation in anaerobic resp occur in mitochondria
No, anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytosol

galaxy21

  • Trendsetter
  • **
  • Posts: 150
  • Respect: +23
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11321 on: November 01, 2018, 01:59:39 pm »
+1
does fermentation in anaerobic resp occur in mitochondria
Nope - anaerobic respiration is the step of glycolosis and it never occurs in the mitochondria, and even in anaerobic respiration, glycolysis doesn't occur in the mitochondria.
Instead, it occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
Also remember that fermentation occurs in bacteria (and yeast), and bacteria do not have a mitochondria, so that makes it a little hard to occur there... ;)
2018 - Biology, Further
2019 - English, Chemistry, Methods, Health and Human Development
2020 - Bachelor of Science (Melbourne Uni)

Hiea

  • Trailblazer
  • *
  • Posts: 32
  • Respect: +7
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11322 on: November 01, 2018, 02:00:23 pm »
0
What does taking " a qualitative approach when identifying and analysing experimental data" mean? Also wow, I guess these kinds of threads always blow up right before the exam, huh?  ;D
2018 - 2019 : Biology [45] Japanese SL [45] JLPT N2
2020 - : BMedSc/MD @ Monash University

Erutepa

  • VIC MVP - 2019
  • Forum Leader
  • ****
  • Posts: 721
  • evenin'
  • Respect: +775
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11323 on: November 01, 2018, 02:00:31 pm »
0
Hmm, well there are quite a few sources e.g. https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physiologyonline.1998.13.1.17 which do suggest that depending on the mechanism lysis => necrosis can be induced (The pores created disrupt the osmotic gradients, hence causes the cell to lyse). But then I suppose for the VCE course, you can assume that they only undergo apoptosis
I do apologize, you are correct and I deleted the post.
I should have done a bit more research before jumping on the keyboard.
Thanks for correcting me though. :)
Qualifications
 > Have counted to 227
 > Can draw really good spiders
 > 2 Poet points
 > 6.5 insanipi points
 > 1 Bri MT point

AISHAB

  • Trailblazer
  • *
  • Posts: 42
  • Respect: +4
Re: VCE Biology Question Thread
« Reply #11324 on: November 01, 2018, 02:02:22 pm »
0
Hi,

What is meant by RNA processing in prokaryotes?

What is the function of rRNA?

Thanks