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Author Topic: Psychology: Answer a Question - Ask a Question  (Read 4877 times)  Share 

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Erutepa

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Psychology: Answer a Question - Ask a Question
« on: January 15, 2020, 07:30:24 pm »
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Psychology: Answer a Question - Ask a Question

The aim of this thread is to revise Psychology through practicing answering (and asking) questions which is one of the best ways to study. Since science is wildly enjoyable and exciting, it also goes without saying that this thread is also here for you to have a bit of fun.

The thread will essentially be a question chain where a user answers the question that has been posted above them and then asks a question in the same post for another user to answer.

Everyone is encouraged to have a go at answering and asking a question whether or not you have a degree in Psychology, if you are currently studying it at school, or if you are just interested in the subject broadly. If you think you know the answer, give it a crack!

To get this question chain started with something pretty simple:

Question: Identify the division of the Autonomic Nervous System that is stimulated as part of a stress response and list 3 physiological adaptations that may occur as a result of the increased activity of this division of the Autonomic Nervous System.
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MoonChild1234

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Re: Psychology: Answer a Question - Ask a Question
« Reply #1 on: January 15, 2020, 07:51:38 pm »
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Answer: The division of the Autonomic Nervous System that is stimulated as part of a stress response is the Sympathetic Nervous System. Physiological adaptations that may occur as a result of increased activity of the Sympathetic Nervous System are increased heart rate, decreasing of salivation, and the dilation of the eye pupils.

Question: Explain the importance of the spinal reflex with reference to an example.

Sine

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Re: Psychology: Answer a Question - Ask a Question
« Reply #2 on: January 15, 2020, 08:02:56 pm »
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Question: Identify the division of the Autonomic Nervous System that is stimulated as part of a stress response and list 3 physiological adaptations that may occur as a result of the increased activity of this division of the Autonomic Nervous System.
The division of the ANS that is stimulated as part of a stress response is the sympathetic nervous system (i.e. the flight/fight response).
Three physiology adaptations as a result:
1.   Increased Heart Rate
2.   Dilation of pupils
3.   Bronchodilation

Question: Explain the importance of the spinal reflex with reference to an example.
The spinal reflex is a neural pathway which involves sensory neurons that synapse at the spinal cord which then connects to efferent motor neurons which results in an effector response. Importantly there is no neural message to the brain before the reflex response takes place. The importance of this spinal reflex is for survival and to reduce damage that could be done to certain parts of the body.

E.g. Someone touching a hot stove will retract their hand quickly.

Question: Label the following diagram
« Last Edit: January 15, 2020, 08:06:26 pm by Sine »

ArtyDreams

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Re: Psychology: Answer a Question - Ask a Question
« Reply #3 on: January 15, 2020, 08:32:57 pm »
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Quote
Question: Label the following diagram
(Image removed from quote.)

1. Axon Terminals
2. Myelin Sheath
3. Axon
4. Cell Body
5. Dendrites
6. Nucleus

Question:
Define Classical Conditioning, and provide an example of it.
« Last Edit: January 15, 2020, 09:12:22 pm by ArtyDreams »

Ionic Doc

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Re: Psychology: Answer a Question - Ask a Question
« Reply #4 on: January 15, 2020, 09:57:06 pm »
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Question:
Define Classical Conditioning, and provide an example of it.

Classical Conditioning:
A process of learning based on the repeated association between two stimuli that is said to have occurred when a particular stimulus consistently produces a response that it did not previously produce.

Example: Pavlovs Experiment

Before Conditioning:
(UCS) Food leads the dog to start salivating (UCR)
(NS) Bell doesn't cause the dog to produce any response

During Conditioning (Acquisition):
(NS) Bell and (UCS) Food are repeatedly associated and in turn, the dog still salivates (UCR)
*Must be noted that the UCS is to be presented 3-5 seconds after the neutral stimulus has been presented during the acquisition stage, for classical conditioning to work.

After Conditioning:
The (CS) Bell leads to the dog salivating (CR)

Glossary/Key:
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Any stimulus that consistently produces a particular automatic/reflexive response. It elicits the UCR without any conditioning.

Unconditioned Response(UCR): A response that occurs automatically when the UCS is presented. The UCR is a reflexive response and one that does not require conditioning.

Neutral Stimulus(NS): A stimulus which does not elicit a UCR, it is one that needs to be conditioned for it to produce a response. (Also becomes the conditioned stimulus later on)

Conditioned Stimulus(CS): Was initially the NS, but after conditioning has taken place it produces the CR.

Conditioned Response (CR): A behaviour that is identical to the UCR, but is caused by the conditioned stimulus instead of the UCS.  Only occurs after conditioned has taken place.

Question: How is something stored in long term memory (LTM)

« Last Edit: January 21, 2020, 10:47:08 am by Ionic Doc »
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whys

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Re: Psychology: Answer a Question - Ask a Question
« Reply #5 on: February 07, 2020, 07:48:54 pm »
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Question: How is something stored in long term memory (LTM)
Memory is an expression of what has been acquired through learning, and involves neurological changes. In order for a memory to be stored in LTM, it must be encoded, that is, the conversion of information into a usable form so that it can be neurologically represented and stored in memory. LTM is a place for information storage for use at a later time. It stores a potentially unlimited amount of information for a very long time, possibly permanently.

According to Hebb's rule, memories are formed by anatomical changes to neurons and synapses, which is aided by neural/synaptic plasticity. According to Hebb, when neurotransmitter is sent repeatedly across the synaptic gap, presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are repeatedly activated at the same time. This changes the structure of the synapse, which strengthens their synaptic connection. Therefore, they are more likely to repeatedly fire at the same time again to transmit their signal more efficiently in the future, often known as LTP, which aids in efficient and effective LTM storage.

The consolidation theory proposes that memory is permanently stored through a process where neurons undergo physical changes. This enables the brain to form a permanent representation of memory. The three conditions required for consolidation are time (30-60mins), no disruption for 30-60mins and physical change. Once the three conditions are satisfied, memories are said to be consolidated effectively and encoded strongly into LTM.

How can adrenaline aid in long-term memory consolidation, or hinder it?
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