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Author Topic: HSC Chemistry Question Thread  (Read 1040718 times)  Share 

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RuiAce

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #420 on: July 17, 2016, 08:24:40 am »
+1
Hey Katherine,

Your response is certainly very detailed and encompasses the essential things you need to know. When you get asked about equilibrium questions involving ammonia, you usually talk about why there is a compromise. I see you have already included those into your response so thats very good.

A couple of things that would be beneficial for you to add:
- You want to be more specific with the type of catalyst you are using. Iron oxide is ok, but l think its better to say Fe3O4 (magnetite). This shows the teacher you really know your stuff.
- With temperature, you dont want very high temperature also because it can damage the catalyst. Since catalysts are quite expensive to replace and relatively vulnerable, you want to preserve them in good conditions by using lower temperatures.
- You must also add the liquidification of ammonia as a part of your conditions. By this l mean constantly turning ammonia gas into liquid to remove gaseous ammonia from the equilibrium and hence the equilibrium will shift right, favouring the production of more ammonia. You touched on this in your last condition but its very important to mention LIQUIDIFICATION of ammonia.

Other than those points, I think this is a very good table to study for ammonia section of chemical monitoring and management. Kudos to you, you have done a very good job!

Best Regards
Happy Physics Land
Yeah, I agree with the use of "magnetite" over iron oxide. Btw liquefaction is the scientific word for condensation.

However, I do think 400deg C (and 200 atm pressure) is fine in itself. At this temperature, the catalyst is safe. The more important thing is that the catalyst remains pure as was mentioned, because if the catalyst is impure, then the exposed surface decreases, thus limiting the impact of the catalyst. Pretty sure that's all we mean by an impure catalyst.
____________

@Katherine: Regarding impurities, it is good that you mentioned things such as O2 which should ALWAYS be removed to avoid violent explosions in the reaction vessel, even inert gases such as argon should be monitored because they still slow down the rate of reaction. They just happen to be a "counter-catalyst" - they slow both the forward AND reverse rate. (Which is why they're not as significant in my opinion but still important)
« Last Edit: July 17, 2016, 08:28:49 am by RuiAce »

katherine123

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #421 on: July 17, 2016, 08:52:57 pm »
0
Please check my response thanks

2013 There is a compromise between maximising yield and minimising the environmental impact of industrial processes. Justify this statement with reference to the production of sulfuric acid. 7 marks
The production of sulfuric acid is achieved through the mining and contact process which involves the maximisation of yield with environmental considerations throughout the process.
Mining: Sulfur is extracted through Frasch process in which super-heated steam and high-pressure air is forced into an underground sulfur deposit, melting the Sulfur and forcing it to the surface where it solidifies. Although this process produces high purity sulfur, it causes land subsidence and requires the removal of trees for land, thus damaging natural ecosystems. Mining also requires energy which is obtained by burning of fossil fuels which releases CO2 thus contributing to global warming and enhanced greenhouse effect.

Contact process step 1: Sulfur obtained by Frasch process is heated in dry air in a combustion furnace, forming SO2
S(s) +O2(g) --> SO2(g) + heat. Heat produced via this exothermic reaction is used to generate steam to produce electricity thus minimising environmental impacts as it reduce the reliance on fossil fuels thus minimising the amount of CO2 released.

Contact process step 2: SO2 is passed through a catalytic converter and several beds of V2O5 catalyst where it is converted into SO3. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) -->2SO3(g) +heat. The conditions of the reaction are manipulated to maximise yield of SO3 with environmental considerations. The forward reaction is exothermic thus the increase in temperature will force the equilibrium to favour backward reaction in order to reduce some of the increased heat according to Le Chatelier’s principle (LCP) which would reduce the yield of SO3. If the temperature is too high, the catalyst will be damaged which makes it less efficient and if temperature is too low, the rate of reaction will decrease which leads to the decrease in yield of SO3. Thus, a compromise temperature of approx. 400 degrees is maintained to ensure temperature is low enough to encourage forward reaction and high enough for particles to have sufficient kinetic energy to undergo reaction. Heat released via the exothermic reaction is used to generate electricity and unreacted gases are recycled back into the converter to reduce the necessity to mine for sulfur thus minimising environmental impacts of enhanced greenhouse effect and land subsidence. High pressure will favour the forward reaction (LCP) in order to reduce some of the increase in pressure thus increasing yield of SO3. However, low pressure of 1-2atm is used instead as it will be dangerous and costly if it is too high. V2O5 catalyst lowers the activation energy which increases the rate of reaction and enables lower temperature to be used, thus lowering the energy requirement and cost, and moreover reducing the production of energy from burning of fossil fuels which releases CO2 which minimises environmental impact. The concentration of oxygen is maintained high to force equilibrium to the right (LCP) in order to reduce some of the increased concentration of Oxygen thus increasing yield of SO3.

Contact process step 3: SO3(g) is dissolved in concentrated  H2SO4 to produce oleum:   SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) -->H2S2O7(l). Water is then added to H2S2O7 to form concentrated H2SO4: H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) -->2H2SO4(l).


Do I need to include catalyst even though it doesn’t increase the yield
and do i need to be more specific about the compromise temperature:
-   Initial gas stream is at 1000 degrees after combustion of sulfur.
-   Gas stream is cooled to about 550 degrees and passed over bed of V2O5 catalyst which produces 70% conversion of SO2 to SO3
-   Gas stream is further cooled to 400 degrees and passed over a second catalytic bed, producing 97% conversion
-   After conversion of SO3 to H2SO4 (via oleum), remaining gas stream is passed over final bed of V2O5 to produce 99.7% conversion




Assess the impact of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) on the scientific understanding of the effects of trace elements 4 marks
Before AAS was developed there were no other techniques sensitive enough to measure low concentrations of trace elements. Therefore, scientists were not able to detect and determine concentration of trace elements. However, after the development of AAS, which measures intensity of certain wavelengths of light from the electromagnetic spectrum (different element absorb specific wavelengths of light), the concentration of trace element can be determined very accurately as low as 0.01 ppm. The lamp used in AAS emits specific wavelengths that corresponds to the element being measured thus absorption of element is not affected by presence of other elements. This allows scientist to measure concentration and rectify deficiency of specific trace element (eg. animal health could not be maintained due to Cobalt deficiencies in pasture in coastal SW Australia) by providing fertilisers or dietary supplements to animals to enhance plant growth and animal and human health. Thus, AAS has enabled scientists to detect and measure concentration of trace elements which led to the increase in scientific understanding of the effects of trace elements.

RuiAce

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #422 on: July 17, 2016, 09:35:39 pm »
0
I don't think anyone's done industrial chem so I'll add some input for this one despite loss of experience.
Please check my response thanks

2013 There is a compromise between maximising yield and minimising the environmental impact of industrial processes. Justify this statement with reference to the production of sulfuric acid. 7 marks
The production of sulfuric acid is achieved through the mining and contact process which involves the maximisation of yield with environmental considerations throughout the process.
Mining: Sulfur is extracted through Frasch process in which super-heated steam and high-pressure air is forced into an underground sulfur deposit, melting the Sulfur and forcing it to the surface where it solidifies. Although this process produces high purity sulfur, it causes land subsidence and requires the removal of trees for land, thus damaging natural ecosystems. Mining also requires energy which is obtained by burning of fossil fuels which releases CO2 thus contributing to global warming and enhanced greenhouse effect.

Contact process step 1: Sulfur obtained by Frasch process is heated in dry air in a combustion furnace, forming SO2
S(s) +O2(g) --> SO2(g) + heat. Heat produced via this exothermic reaction is used to generate steam to produce electricity thus minimising environmental impacts as it reduce the reliance on fossil fuels thus minimising the amount of CO2 released.

Contact process step 2: SO2 is passed through a catalytic converter and several beds of V2O5 catalyst where it is converted into SO3. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) -->2SO3(g) +heat. The conditions of the reaction are manipulated to maximise yield of SO3 with environmental considerations. The forward reaction is exothermic thus the increase in temperature will force the equilibrium to favour backward reaction in order to reduce some of the increased heat according to Le Chatelier’s principle (LCP) which would reduce the yield of SO3. If the temperature is too high, the catalyst will be damaged which makes it less efficient and if temperature is too low, the rate of reaction will decrease which leads to the decrease in yield of SO3. Thus, a compromise temperature of approx. 400 degrees is maintained to ensure temperature is low enough to encourage forward reaction and high enough for particles to have sufficient kinetic energy to undergo reaction. Heat released via the exothermic reaction is used to generate electricity and unreacted gases are recycled back into the converter to reduce the necessity to mine for sulfur thus minimising environmental impacts of enhanced greenhouse effect and land subsidence. High pressure will favour the forward reaction (LCP) in order to reduce some of the increase in pressure thus increasing yield of SO3. However, low pressure of 1-2atm is used instead as it will be dangerous and costly if it is too high. V2O5 catalyst lowers the activation energy which increases the rate of reaction and enables lower temperature to be used, thus lowering the energy requirement and cost, and moreover reducing the production of energy from burning of fossil fuels which releases CO2 which minimises environmental impact. The concentration of oxygen is maintained high to force equilibrium to the right (LCP) in order to reduce some of the increased concentration of Oxygen thus increasing yield of SO3.

Contact process step 3: SO3(g) is dissolved in concentrated  H2SO4 to produce oleum:   SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) -->H2S2O7(l). Water is then added to H2S2O7 to form concentrated H2SO4: H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) -->2H2SO4(l).


Do I need to include catalyst even though it doesn’t increase the yield
and do i need to be more specific about the compromise temperature:
-   Initial gas stream is at 1000 degrees after combustion of sulfur.
-   Gas stream is cooled to about 550 degrees and passed over bed of V2O5 catalyst which produces 70% conversion of SO2 to SO3
-   Gas stream is further cooled to 400 degrees and passed over a second catalytic bed, producing 97% conversion
-   After conversion of SO3 to H2SO4 (via oleum), remaining gas stream is passed over final bed of V2O5 to produce 99.7% conversion
I reckon for questions like this the focus is mainly on the Contact process for the production of sulfuric acid rather than the Frasch process for extraction of sulfur. This is because step 2 is where the equilibrium reaction happens. However, as you mentioned, the Frasch process does indeed come with environmental considerations such as land subsidence. Another point I would include here is that if the superheated steam leaks you are potentially causing thermal pollution which may lead to global warming. Also, the sulfur collected must be stored ASAP to ensure that it doesn't oxidise by itself and leak SO2 into the atmosphere.

Whilst the 1000deg C for step 1 isn't really much of a hassle, including it is better than not as it shows you have better understanding of the actual Contact process. This reinforces your point that sufficient heat energy will indeed be produced to be converted to electricity.

With the catalyst beds for step 2, generally I only include the first and fourth with their relative percentages. But yes I would DEFINITELY include that one because the idea is 30% or 3% emission is unacceptable by environmental guidelines, but 0.3% is okay. The cooling...well yes I would include it. And you've already integrated it in there somehow as well.

anotherworld2b

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #423 on: July 18, 2016, 02:21:14 am »
0
I was wondering if i could get help with these questions  XD

RuiAce

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #424 on: July 18, 2016, 09:55:54 am »
+1
I was wondering if i could get help with these questions  XD
Can we please not have so many questions waved around at once?

For the first one, you know that complete combustion involves the production of carbon dioxide and water.

C6H12(l) + O2(g) -> CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Use logic to determine what order to balance in:
C: Reactants - 6. Products - 1. Therefore 6 in front of CO2
H: Reactants - 12. Products - 2. Therefore 6 in front of H2O
O: Products - 6*12 + 6*6 = 18. Reactants - 2. Therefore 9 in front of O2

C6H12(l) + 9 O2(g) -> 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)

The second one is more open-ended, as there exists more than one equation for incomplete combustion. The products must include at least one of C and CO, however they can include any of C, CO or CO2 at once.
__________
Answer to Q5 is incomplete because CO is there
__________
Reactivity is a chemical property as it is essentially a measure of how likely it will form a new substance. Note that physical properties do not involve formation of a new substance.


For the net ionic equations, try writing complete equations first. (Remember: Metal + Acid -> Salt + Hydrogen)
« Last Edit: July 18, 2016, 10:24:36 am by RuiAce »

katherine123

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #425 on: July 18, 2016, 12:37:01 pm »
0
please check thanks
6 marks
Chemists can assist in reversing or minimising the environmental problems caused by technology and the human demand for products and services. With reference to this statement, assess the need for chemists to collaborate when monitoring the environmental impact of a named electrochemical cell.


Chemist need to collaborate when monitoring the impact of materials so that human demand for products and services does not adversely affect the environment. An example of technology include the lead-acid battery is an electrochemical cell which produces high currents thus used as car batteries. However, the materials such as lead contained within the battery may cause serious environmental concerns when disposed. High concentration of lead in organism can lead to disruption of normal metabolic processes by affecting enzymes thus causing brain damage and damage to other organs and reproductive system. Therefore, levels of lead need to be monitored in the environment with chemists of different specialities collaborating. An environmental chemist will determine the levels of lead in the environment and provide information relevant to the setting of industry standards and environmental regulations relating to lead concentration in atmospheric emissions. Analytical chemist will accurately detect and measure the amount of lead present at times during the manufacturing and recycling process. This is done through the use of the technique AAS (atomic absorption spectroscopy) which can determine lead concentration in very low concentration. While the damage caused by the leaking of lead into the environment cannot be reversed, industrial and material chemists can minimise the environmental problems by providing alternative production methods and products. For example, the development of lithium batteries can reduce the environmental damage.

Therefore, there is a great need for chemists to collaborate to minimise the damage caused by this technology as some chemists monitor the environment while others use the results of this to develop environmental friendly alternatives.

EEEEEEP

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #426 on: July 18, 2016, 12:56:16 pm »
+1
please check thanks
6 marks
Chemists can assist in reversing or minimising the environmental problems caused by technology and the human demand for products and services. With reference to this statement, assess the need for chemists to collaborate when monitoring the environmental impact of a named electrochemical cell.


Chemist need to collaborate when monitoring the impact of materials so that human demand for products and services does not adversely affect the environment. An example of technology include the lead-acid battery is an electrochemical cell which produces high currents thus used as car batteries. However, the materials such as lead contained within the battery may cause serious environmental concerns when disposed. High concentration of lead in organism can lead to disruption of normal metabolic processes by affecting enzymes thus causing brain damage and damage to other organs and reproductive system. Therefore, levels of lead need to be monitored in the environment with chemists of different specialities collaborating. An environmental chemist will determine the levels of lead in the environment and provide information relevant to the setting of industry standards and environmental regulations relating to lead concentration in atmospheric emissions. Analytical chemist will accurately detect and measure the amount of lead present at times during the manufacturing and recycling process. This is done through the use of the technique AAS (atomic absorption spectroscopy) which can determine lead concentration in very low concentration. While the damage caused by the leaking of lead into the environment cannot be reversed, industrial and material chemists can minimise the environmental problems by providing alternative production methods and products. For example, the development of lithium batteries can reduce the environmental damage.

Therefore, there is a great need for chemists to collaborate to minimise the damage caused by this technology as some chemists monitor the environment while others use the results of this to develop environmental friendly alternatives.


 >> Good • Demonstrates a thorough knowledge and understanding of the identifiedroles of chemists and the environmental impact of a correctly named electrochemical cell
>> GOOD • Assesses the need for collaboration between chemists
 >> Good • Demonstrates coherence and logical progression of ideas with correct scientific terminology used

onepunchboy

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #427 on: July 19, 2016, 03:49:57 am »
0
Can someone give me a basic run down on how aas works. Ive read the textbook but still very confusing to me

jakesilove

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #428 on: July 19, 2016, 09:20:13 am »
0
I have a 25% assessed report to write up, 1000 +/- 200 words about biopolymers, my chosen PFA. I have attached an image of the issue I have been presented with.

The actual task is requires a critical discussion of the science relevant to the PFA, all in a concise report with an introduction, background information, the actual synopsis and a relevant conclusion.

I just want to know what you would recommend in regards to the format and structure of my report, as well as what you think is vital to include in order to maximise my marks.

Pls help!! (Image removed from quote.)

Hey!

For a report like this, it is important to include a number of things. I would recommend subheading by topic, and using tables and graphs where possible (noting that graphs won't increase your word count!).

I think history is important. When did you biopolymer start being produced? How efficient was it? When was it discovered? For what purpose was it produced. Then, it is easy to cite advances in technology that has brought it to the stage it is at today. You should clearly indicate how these developments have been useful to both the production and use of the polymer; if the production has become more environmentally friendly/renewable, that is important as it 1) protects the environment and 2) allows for a sustainable, replenishing supply of the polymer!

Make sure to include chemistry. What is actually happening, what catalyst is being used, what does the reaction look like etc. Try to include chemical terminology as much as possible, as this brings the assignment away from a 'society and the environment' answer and towards a more chemical sound, scientific one.

The aspects that you've written in your question are of course crucial. Use that structure, but within "background information" I would include history or discover, development and uses (just as examples). You need to think about what is specifically important for your biopolymer, after doing fairly extensive research.

It's always hard to tell where marks lie for an assignment like this. All I can recommend is doing lots of research, including what you think is important, and if you go way over word count trying to take out stuff that doesn't directly lend itself to the question. Include lots of statistics to impress the marker (what is the reaction yield? What year did developments take place? Who discovered the process?).

Good luck! Let me know if you have any more specific questions, noting that we can't do your assignment for you of course!

Jake
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jakesilove

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #429 on: July 19, 2016, 09:24:19 am »
0
Can someone give me a basic run down on how aas works. Ive read the textbook but still very confusing to me

Hey! You really only need to know what AAS is in a very basic sense; textbooks often go into great depth, and the fact is you just don't need to know that. So, here's what I learnt for my HSC.

AAS is a technique to identify absolutely minuscule (ppm) amounts of heavy metals. First, a calibration curve must be calculated, in which a sample is tested that DOES NOT have any of the heavy metal present. The liquid will be 'aspirated' or 'vaporized', by being fed into a flame. Then, light is shone on one side of the flame, and detected on the other. From this, a curve is established (based on the readings on the detector). Then, the liquid which contains some heavy metal is tested. The same process is undergone (aspiration, taking readings from the detector). However, as there are now heavy metal particles floating around in the flame, some on the light will be reflected/refracted. This will lead to a different curve being present, which can be compared to the original curve. We can therefore establish the concentration of the heavy metal!

Obviously it's much more complicated that this. You also need to think about the effects of AAS (allowing us to detect small quantities = good, as we can protect society and the environment) as well as potential issues (only detect heavy metals, destroys sample, expensive to run etc.). Let me know if you need any further help!

Hope my explanation made sense.

Jake
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RuiAce

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #430 on: July 19, 2016, 09:28:10 am »
0
Can someone give me a basic run down on how aas works. Ive read the textbook but still very confusing to me
AAS:

0. Remember the diagram off by heart. This is one of those scenarios where remembering the diagram actually helps, as mentioned in Jake's lecture.

1. The hollow cathode lamp shines into the flame
1. a) Every individual element has it's own absorption spectrum. The hollow cathode lamp must be shining light corresponding to the absorption spectrum of each element. Hence, every element has its own cathode lamp.
2. A standardised solution (this just means that its concentration is KNOWN) is fed into the flame.
2. a) This is used to calibrate the AAS machine.
3. Light passing through the flame will get absorbed by the metal ions and reemitted. I'm not sure if you need to know about the physics here for the HSC chemistry course, but I can explain it later if you wish so.
4. A collimator focuses the light
5. The light reaches a prism and is dispersed.
6. The photomultiplier picks up the light. Calibration is done.
7. Repeat steps 2 to 6 with the solution of unknown concentration.

Absorption is a measure of the amount of light absorbed relative to the reference beam. It is proportional to the concentration of the metal sample.

(Lel. Jake beat me here.)

onepunchboy

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #431 on: July 19, 2016, 11:19:22 am »
+1
Thanks for the explanation guys i understand aas now ayy :)

anotherworld2b

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #432 on: July 19, 2016, 12:02:46 pm »
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For a lab report we were assigned to do we had to identify an unknown bicarbonate.

I was wondering if the substance was sodium bicarbonate and you react it with Hydrochloric.

Would it be correct to assume that this reaction will follow the basic reaction

Acid + Metal Carbonate -> salt + carbon dioxide + water

I heard that bicarbonates wont react with HCL? Is that true?

In the method we then boiled the solution that is produced to get the sodium salt. Using the salt we conducted a flame test to validate the metal.

I was wondering what are the chemistry concepts behind this method?

RuiAce

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #433 on: July 19, 2016, 05:55:27 pm »
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For a lab report we were assigned to do we had to identify an unknown bicarbonate.

I was wondering if the substance was sodium bicarbonate and you react it with Hydrochloric.

Would it be correct to assume that this reaction will follow the basic reaction

Acid + Metal Carbonate -> salt + carbon dioxide + water

I heard that bicarbonates wont react with HCL? Is that true?

In the method we then boiled the solution that is produced to get the sodium salt. Using the salt we conducted a flame test to validate the metal.

I was wondering what are the chemistry concepts behind this method?
No it definitely reacts.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJ9EyW58ntA

You can use HCl to test for the presence of HCO3- OR CO32-. However you can't distinguish between which one is there as easily.


Note that test for HCO3- is not explicitly stated in the syllabus.

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Re: Chemistry Question Thread
« Reply #434 on: July 19, 2016, 07:23:35 pm »
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Hey Jake!

I came to the repeat Chem lecture last week at UTS and you showed us this totally boss document that was literally 3 pages of all the reactions we had to memorise, but I forgot where to find it. Can you just let me know where I can find that chemistry bible please? :))

Thanks heaps! :)