1. The four stages are:
Preparation: examination of the problem and gathering information. (1 mark).
Incubation: contemplating information gained in preparation stage. (1 mark).
Insight or Aha Experience: realisation of the problem. (1 mark).
Verification: solution is acted upon to confirm. (1 mark).
2. Allostatis is the process of maintaining stability through change in the face of stressors. (1 mark).
3. Classical is towards a stimulus (1 mark) where Operant is towards a behaviour (1 mark).
4. Explanation of how behaviours are shaped (1 mark) relevant to an example (1 mark).
5. Categorical definition (1 mark), dimensional definition (1 mark) and reasoning to why we use categorical over dimensional (1 mark).
6. Parental Modelling (1 mark), transmission of threat information (1 mark) and link to phobias (1 mark).
7. Explanation of what p-values show in psychology (1 mark) and identifying that the outcome of the experiment in that case would in the likelihood of chance be 5% (1 mark).
8. Three principles:
Identify psychological harm, consent and voluntary participation.
(1 mark for each).
Link with to what occurred in the experiment.
(1 mark).
9. Linking sentence between internal and external with description of stress.
Stress is a change in the immediate environment (external) requiring us to respond and explain what processes are involved. (3 marks)
Example (1 mark).
10. In reverence to your choice.
2 marks for theories and 2 marks for exploration of theories.
2 for linking back to your area.