Attached are some VCAA question banks from past exams grouped by category that you can do if you want to gage your familiarity with each section.
The main points to rememebr with transcription is that:
- RNA Polymerase binds to the promotor region of the gene
- RNA Polymerase reads the template strand in a 3' to 5' direction, making a complementary pre mRNA strand in the 5'-3' direction
- Upon reaching the terminator region of the gene, the mRNA is released and undergoes post transcriptional modification (introns are cut out, a poly A tail is added to the 3' end of the mRNA and a methyl cap to the 5' end)
In translation:
- The mRNA binds to the ribosome, which reads it in a 5'-3' direction
- tRNA molecules bind to the codons (sections of 3 bases) on the mRNA as they reach the ribosome. They bind via their complementary anti-codons, a process which releasing the corresponding amino acid (which tRNA holds). This process builds the polypeptide chain (one amino acid added at a time) until the STOP codon is reached and wow now we have a polypeptide
For photosynthesis what is important is the inputs and outputs of each stage:
Light dependent stage:
Inputs: Water, NADP+, ADP+Pi, (+light but doesnt count as an input really, but its needed)
Outputs: Oxygen gas, NADPH, ATP
Light Independent stage:
Inputs: Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH
Outputs: Glucose, ADP+Pi, NADP+
Similarly for cellular respiration you need to know the inputs and outputs for each stage:
Glycolysis:
Inputs: Glucose, NAD+, ADP+Pi
Outputs: Pyruvate, NADH, ATP
Krebs cycle:
Inputs: Pyruvate (converted to Acetyl CoA), NAD+, FADH+, ADP+Pi
Outputs: Carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, ATP
Electron Transport Chain:
Inputs: ADP+Pi, FADH2, NADH, oxygen
Outputs: 32-24 ATP, water, FADH+, NAD+
With the immune system area, thats a bit harder to condense, so is there any areas specifically you'd like clarification?
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